![]() For many patients, attacks become more persistent within 5 to 15 years, with less complete or even partial remission thus a pattern of permanent deterioration rather than episodic recurrence is established. From when patients first develop MS, through to the early years of the disease, attacks tend to occur every 12 to 18 months this is called 'relapsing‐remitting MS' (RRMS). However, like many MS features the presentation pattern varies greatly, and symptoms may progress significantly or only slightly. These attacks or recurrences of MS usually reach their maximum severity within a few days and then resolve slowly over days or several weeks hence a relapse will typically last about eight weeks from initiation to recovery. Most symptoms occur suddenly, within a few hours or days. The most notable symptoms of MS include motor paralysis sensory problems such as impaired sensitivity in one or more limbs and visual impairment and impairment of specific cognitive functions ( McQualter 2007). The disease is two to three times more prevalent in women than men, and is more frequent in those aged between 20 and 40 years ( Rolak 2003). Finally, future prospects of stem cell therapy for MS are addressed.Įxperimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis Hematopoietic stem cell Induced pluripotent stem cell Mesenchymal stem cell Multiple sclerosis Neural stem cell Reprogramming Stem cell therapy.Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating (causing the loss or destruction of myelin in nerve tissue) disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that is associated with tissue inflammation and nerve cell apoptosis (programmed cell death) ( Cudrici 2006). We also discuss challenges including those associated with administration route, immune responses to grafted cells, integration of these cells to existing neural circuits, and risk of tumor growth. In this chapter, we overview cell sources and applications of the stem cell therapy for treatment of MS. The results of ongoing autologous hematopoietic stem cell therapy studies, with the advantage of peripheral administration to the patients, have suggested that cell replacement therapy is also a feasible option for immunomodulatory treatment of MS. A wide variety of preclinical studies, using experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model of MS, have recently shown that grafted cells with different origins including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), neural precursor and stem cells, and induced-pluripotent stem cells have the ability to repair CNS lesions and to recover functional neurological deficits. ![]() ![]() Thus, the cell replacement therapy approach that aims to overcome neuronal cell loss and remyelination failure and to increase endogenous myelin repair capacity is considered as an alternative treatment option. Therefore, the efficiency of current immunosuppression-based therapies of MS is too low, and emerging disease-modifying immunomodulatory agents such as fingolimod and dimethyl fumarate cannot stop progressive neurodegenerative process. ![]() Although recent evidence suggests that MS relapses are induced by environmental and exogenous triggers such as viral infections in a genetic background, its very complex pathogenesis is not completely understood. It is characterized by demyelination and neuronal loss that is induced by attack of autoreactive T cells to the myelin sheath and endogenous remyelination failure, eventually leading to functional neurological disability. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory, autoimmune, and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS). ![]()
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